Jobs in Clinical Research - Exploring the Impact of Clinical Research Jobs to Man

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Clinical research jobs had already manifested even in the earliest part in history of mankind. In fact, the origins of medicine began with prehistoric people who partially believed that diseases were derived from supernatural powers. To destroy the evil spirits, they performed trephining which involved cutting a hole in the victim's skull to release the spirit. The first doctors, known as medicine men, used herbal concoctions to heal their patients.

The herbal treatment was often accompanied by a ritual such as a dance or incantation. Skulls have been found in which the trephine hole has healed, demonstrating that people did survive the ritual. In about 3000 B.C., the ancient Egyptians made considerable medical progress, developing a systematic method of treating illnesses. This system introduced the notion of specialization within the field of medicine. The famous physician named, Imhotep was so respected that the Egyptians regarded him as the god of healing.

Meanwhile, the Greek physician Hippocrates who was also believed to have conducted jobs in clinical research was the first person to declare that disease was caused by natural, not supernatural, phenomena. He introduced a method of conduct and ethics for the practice of medicine. To this day, each physician pledges the Hippocratic Oath on the day of his or her graduation from medical school. Moreover, Galen of Pergamum was a Greek physician who studied in Rome during the second century A.D. he worked as physician to the emperor Marcus Aurelius and lectured to physicians on dissection and experimental physiology. He conducted anatomical and clinical studies of animals, particularly apes, because the dissection of humans was illegal. He is credited with the discoveries of blood transport by arteries, the pumping mechanism of the heart, and the function of the kidneys. His written work remained influential for hundreds of years, and during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries many physicians repeated his experiments to gain further insight into the mechanism of human anatomy.



Furthermore, Avicenna (980-1037) from Persia who had also been in his clinical research career was another major contributor to the early development of western medicine. His single largest contribution was the book The Canon of Medicine. The book compiled the information of Greek and Arabic physicians that had been gathered from many generations, as well as some of his own findings. The book remained the most important publication for medicine through the sixteenth century. It served as a major resource of information for eastern and western countries. When dissection of human corpses was accepted in the 1500s, Andreas Vesalius was able to conduct his own clinical examinations and correct many of the errors that Galen had made. Vesalius published On the Structure of the Human Body in 1543, detailing the findings of his dissections.

On the other hand, William Harvey (1578-1657) made the most important contribution to medicine in the seventeenth century through his medical clinical research jobs. Using the observations Hieronymus Fabricius made on the valves in veins, Harvey conducted physical tests to prove in his book On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (1628) that blood circulates through the body and through the veins and arteries. It was the development of the microscope that moved medical study into the next plane of understanding. Zacharias Janssen, a Dutch eyeglass maker, discovered the benefits of combining magnifying lenses. He is credited with developing the first compound lens microscope around 1590. Likewise, Another Dutch scientist, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, used microscopes to study the microscopic contents of water, blood, and other body fluids and tissues. He described bacteria from his observations, becoming the first person to recognize the presence of foreign bodies in human fluids.

Discoveries through clinical research employment were made more rapidly once the concept of germ infection became recognized and accepted. The awareness of bacteria, fungi, and viruses led to concepts taken for granted today – which proved to be a major boon to the medical profession. Washing hands before surgery, examinations, and deliveries of newborns led to a decrease in cases of infections and death. Joseph Lister developed the concept of an antiseptic environment that promoted sterilized equipment and surroundings in medical work. Meanwhile, Louis Pasteur who also devoted his time on pharmaceutical clinical research jobs was successful in producing vaccinations that effectively battle certain diseases. In the mid-1800s, Pasteur inoculated sheep against a common animal disease called anthrax. He went on to develop vaccinations which were successful in preventing disease in humans as they had in animals. Finally, another discovery that followed was the development of anesthesia. Surgery had been performed without it for hundreds of years, but it was hazardous and extraordinarily painful without it. Truly, clinical research careers have given a priceless contribution to the world of medicine as well as to the benefit of mankind.
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